Declaration and Initialization:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main() {
    // Declaration and initialization
    std::string helloString = "Hello, std::string!";

    // Printing the string
    std::cout << helloString << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

std::string is part of the C++ standard library's <string> header. Its declaration is clean and straightforward, and it automatically manages memory, freeing you from the burden of manual memory allocation.

Dynamic Resizing:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main() {
    // Dynamic resizing
    std::string dynamicString = "Dynamic ";
    dynamicString += "Resizing!";

    // Printing the result
    std::cout << dynamicString << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

One of the standout features of std::string is its ability to dynamically resize itself as you perform operations like concatenation, eliminating the need for explicit memory management.

Length Retrieval with length and size:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main() {
    std::string myString = "Length and Size";

    // Retrieving length
    std::cout << "Length: " << myString.length() << std::endl;

    // Retrieving size
    std::cout << "Size: " << myString.size() << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

Both length() and size() member functions provide the length of the string, giving you flexibility in choosing the method you find more readable.

Accessing Characters:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main() {
    std::string alphabet = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";

    // Accessing individual characters
    char thirdChar = alphabet[2];  // 'c'
    char lastChar = alphabet.back();  // 'z'

    // Printing the result
    std::cout << "Third Character: " << thirdChar << std::endl;
    std::cout << "Last Character: " << lastChar << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

Accessing individual character in a std::string is intuitive using array like syntax or dedicated member functions like back().

Substrings with substr:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main() {
    std::string longString = "Extracting Substrings";

    // Extracting a substring
    std::string substring = longString.substr(12, 5);  // "Substring"

    // Printing the result
    std::cout << "Extracted Substring: " << substring << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

The substr function allows you to extract a substring from a std::string with ease, specifying the starting index and length.

String Comparison with Operators:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main() {
    std::string string1 = "apple";
    std::string string2 = "banana";

    // String comparison
    bool isEqual = (string1 == string2);

    // Printing the result
    std::cout << "Strings are equal: " << std::boolalpha << isEqual << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

std::string supports standard comparison operators (==, !=, <, <=, >, >=), providing a natural way to compare strings.

The Elegance of Modern String Handling

1. String Concatenation:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main() {
    std::string part1 = "Hello, ";
    std::string part2 = "C++!";

    // Concatenation
    std::string greeting = part1 + part2;

    // Printing the result
    std::cout << greeting << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

2. Input and Output Operations:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main() {
    std::string part1 = "Hello, ";
    std::string part2 = "C++!";

    // Concatenation
    std::string greeting = part1 + part2;

    // Printing the result
    std::cout << greeting << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

3. C++11 Raw String Literals:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main() {
    // C++11 raw string literals
    std::string rawString = R"(This is a raw string literal
    It can span multiple lines
    without escape characters)";

    // Printing the result
    std::cout << rawString << std::endl;

    return 0;
}