What is an Embedded System?
An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform a specific task within a larger mechanical or electrical system. It is typically embedded as part of a complete device that includes hardware and mechanical components.
A dedicated computing system designed to perform specific tasks.
Characteristics:
- Task-specific functionality
- Real-time operation
- Minimal user interface
- Reliability and stability
- Limited memory and processing power
Examples:
- Washing machines
- Smart thermostats
- Automotive control units
- Industrial robots
Microprocessors vs Microcontrollers
| Feature | Microprocessor | Microcontroller |
|---|---|---|
| Purpose | General computing | Embedded applications |
| Components | CPU only | CPU + RAM + ROM + I/O |
| Cost & Size | Higher | Lower |
| Examples | Intel Core i7, AMD Ryzen | ATmega328, STM32, PIC |
Microcontrollers are better suited for embedded systems due to their integrated peripherals and lower cost.
Components of Embedded Systems
An embedded system typically consists of:
- Processor (CPU or MCU): Executes program instructions.
- Memory: RAM for temporary data, ROM/Flash for program storage.
- I/O Interfaces: Communicate with other devices (sensors, actuators).
- Timers/Counters: Handle time-sensitive tasks.
- Communication Interfaces: UART, SPI, I2C, USB, CAN.
- Power Supply: Battery or DC input, with regulators.