Network Topologies

Network topologies refer to the physical or logical arrangement of devices (nodes) and connections (links) in a network – basically, how everything is connected.

It determines how data flows between devices and the overall structure of a network.

Types of Network Topologies

1 Bus Topology

All devices are connected to a single central cable (bus). Data is broadcast to all devices, but only the intended recipient processes it.

Characteristics:

• Simple and low cost
• If the main cable fails -> whole network fails

Example:

• Traditional Ethernet networks often used bus topology

2 Star Topology

In a star topology, all devices are connected to a central hub or switch. Data passes through the central node to reach the target device.

Characteristics:

• Centralized control
• Easy to set up and expand
• A single point of failure (hub/switch)

Example:

• Office LANs often use a star topology, where computers, printers, and other devices connect to a central switch or router.

3 Ring Topology

In a ring topology, each device is connected to two others, forming a circular loop. Data travels in one direction until it reaches its destination.

Characteristics:

• Fault in one device can disrupt the entire network unless a dual-ring setup is used
• Simple but less fault-tolerant than other topologies

4 Mesh Topology

In a mesh topology, every device connects directly to every other device. It provides high fault tolerance and redundancy.

Characteristics:

• Fully connected paths ensure no single point of failure
• Expensive and complex to implement
• High reliability and performance